"I think there was a loss of faith in working within the system, and that's when people began to think more and more about civil disobedience, mass protests [and] going out in to the streets," he says. "When your political process fails you, there's really only one option left." -Shadi Hamid
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Inspired by the events in Tunisia, Egyptians began to protest on January 25th (Police Day, an Egyptian national holiday). They demanded an end to corruption, injustice, poor economic conditions, and the end of president Hosni Mubarak's 30 year regime. Initially these protesters were faced with violence by police and supporters of the ruling NDP, The National Democratic Party. These protesters fought back against the police in large cities like Cairo and Alexandria. Just two days after the start of the protests, the Egyptian government shut down the Internet and service providers complied with the request of the government and suspended service. After almost a week, the protests became so popular that the Egyptian Army decided to not attack the protesters.
Mubarak tried to appease his people by saying he wouldn't run again once his term is up, and his son, Gamal, will not run for president either. These offers were not accepted, and protests continued. On February 11th, after days of massive protests called the "Day of Departure", Mubarak resigned. The Supreme Council of Armed Forces takes control over Egypt during a period of transition between governments, dissolved the legislature and suspended the constitution. They rule by martial law and refuse the protester's demands for a swift transition to a civilian administration. Violence runs rampant and the country is unstable. In an attempt to dismantle this administration left behind by Mubarak, the protesters storm the State Security Investigators Service in Cairo to secure potentially incriminating documents about the agency. The SSIS was widely feared for allegations of torture and cruelty. Soon Parliamentary elections are on their way, and the turnout for the election polls show that the public has faith that a new president could put Egypt on the path to democracy. Around the same time, Egyptian Police who still support the Mubarak Regime storm pro-democratic groups around the country.
Islamist parties, including the Muslim Brotherhood, lead elections. 10 candidates are disqualified by this first round of voting. The remaining engage in debates over the role of Islam and the countries future policies towards Israel. At this time the Egyptian High Court rules the first democratically elected parliament should be dissolved. One of Mubarak's ally, Ahmed Shafiq, is un-disqualified and re-enters the race.
The polls are in and votes are counted and the Muslim Brotherhood member Mohamed Morsi will be the new president of Egypt. Things are positive until Morsi gives himself executive power, barring the courts from dissolving the constituent assembly and from them stripping his power. This move sparks days of protests. Protesters call for a cancellation of a constitutional referendum and writing of a new charter. The issue of a new constitution is sent to Egyptian Parliament to be voted upon, and passes with 63.8% in favor of a new constitution. On the second anniversary of the beginning of anti-Mubarak protests, more protests begin. Millions protest president Morsi. The military gives president Morsi a 48 hour ultimatum to fix this issue before they take matters into their own hands. Muslim Brotherhood leaders are arrested by the military as Egypt's Military Chief announces that Morsi has been replaced by Adly Mansour, Chief Justice of the Supreme Constitutional Court until new elections. Pro and Anti Morsi groups tussle. This fight leads to 36 dead. The Muslim Brotherhood deputy leader Khairat El Shater is arrested. The military opens fire upon Pro-Morsi demonstrators killing 50+. More die as security forces and armed men in civilians clothing clash with a group of Morsi supporters outside 2 major sit-ins in Cairo, 80 dead. Security storms pro-Morsi sit-in, killing 638. Other clashes claim 173 lives. Egyptian Authorities consider the disbandment of the Muslim Brotherhood. Security forces raid a mosque where protesters supporting the ousted president had barricaded themselves inside. Mubarak, still rotting in jail, could be released due to a retrial. Mubarak is released from jail, and the spiritual leader of the Muslim Brotherhood, Mohammed Badie, is arrested.
Mubarak tried to appease his people by saying he wouldn't run again once his term is up, and his son, Gamal, will not run for president either. These offers were not accepted, and protests continued. On February 11th, after days of massive protests called the "Day of Departure", Mubarak resigned. The Supreme Council of Armed Forces takes control over Egypt during a period of transition between governments, dissolved the legislature and suspended the constitution. They rule by martial law and refuse the protester's demands for a swift transition to a civilian administration. Violence runs rampant and the country is unstable. In an attempt to dismantle this administration left behind by Mubarak, the protesters storm the State Security Investigators Service in Cairo to secure potentially incriminating documents about the agency. The SSIS was widely feared for allegations of torture and cruelty. Soon Parliamentary elections are on their way, and the turnout for the election polls show that the public has faith that a new president could put Egypt on the path to democracy. Around the same time, Egyptian Police who still support the Mubarak Regime storm pro-democratic groups around the country.
Islamist parties, including the Muslim Brotherhood, lead elections. 10 candidates are disqualified by this first round of voting. The remaining engage in debates over the role of Islam and the countries future policies towards Israel. At this time the Egyptian High Court rules the first democratically elected parliament should be dissolved. One of Mubarak's ally, Ahmed Shafiq, is un-disqualified and re-enters the race.
The polls are in and votes are counted and the Muslim Brotherhood member Mohamed Morsi will be the new president of Egypt. Things are positive until Morsi gives himself executive power, barring the courts from dissolving the constituent assembly and from them stripping his power. This move sparks days of protests. Protesters call for a cancellation of a constitutional referendum and writing of a new charter. The issue of a new constitution is sent to Egyptian Parliament to be voted upon, and passes with 63.8% in favor of a new constitution. On the second anniversary of the beginning of anti-Mubarak protests, more protests begin. Millions protest president Morsi. The military gives president Morsi a 48 hour ultimatum to fix this issue before they take matters into their own hands. Muslim Brotherhood leaders are arrested by the military as Egypt's Military Chief announces that Morsi has been replaced by Adly Mansour, Chief Justice of the Supreme Constitutional Court until new elections. Pro and Anti Morsi groups tussle. This fight leads to 36 dead. The Muslim Brotherhood deputy leader Khairat El Shater is arrested. The military opens fire upon Pro-Morsi demonstrators killing 50+. More die as security forces and armed men in civilians clothing clash with a group of Morsi supporters outside 2 major sit-ins in Cairo, 80 dead. Security storms pro-Morsi sit-in, killing 638. Other clashes claim 173 lives. Egyptian Authorities consider the disbandment of the Muslim Brotherhood. Security forces raid a mosque where protesters supporting the ousted president had barricaded themselves inside. Mubarak, still rotting in jail, could be released due to a retrial. Mubarak is released from jail, and the spiritual leader of the Muslim Brotherhood, Mohammed Badie, is arrested.
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Egypt
For the group of Joe Collins and Anna Morrissey
Websites
"Arab Spring." Resourcesforhistoryteachers -. Accessed March 10, 2015.
http://resourcesforhistoryteachers.wikispaces.com/Arab+Spring
"Arab Spring: A Research & Study Guide * الربيع العربي: Home." Home. Accessed March 10, 2015.
http://guides.library.cornell.edu/c.php?g=31688&p=200747
"Arab Spring: A Research & Study Guide * الربيع العربي: Home." Home. Accessed March 10, 2015.
http://guides.library.cornell.edu/c.php?g=31688&p=200755
"Arab Spring: A Research & Study Guide * الربيع العربي: Home." Home. Accessed March 10, 2015.
http://guides.library.cornell.edu/c.php?g=31688&p=200748
Blight, Garry, Paul Torpey, and Sheila Pulham. "Arab Spring: An Interactive Timeline of Middle East Protests." The Guardian. January 5, 2012. Accessed March 12, 2015.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2011/mar/22/middle-east-protest-interactive-timeline
Kaphle, Anup. "Timeline: Egypt's Rocky Revolution." Washington Post. August 19, 2013. Accessed March 10, 2015.
http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/world/timeline-egypts-rocky-revolution/405/
Team, NPR. "The Arab Spring: A Year Of Revolution." NPR. December 17, 2011. Accessed March 11, 2015.
http://www.npr.org/2011/12/17/143897126/the-arab-spring-a-year-of-revolution
Images
"Wednesday, February 9, 2011." The Majority Report with Sam Seder. Accessed March 12, 2015.
"Behind #Jan25: Young Egyptian 'Digital Activist' Speaks." Act. Accessed March 12, 2015.
"JUMP CUTA REVIEW OF CONTEMPORARY MEDIA." New Media and Politics: Populist Revolt, State Control, and Elections, Review by Lyell Davies. Accessed March 12, 2015.
Milne, Suemas. "Only Pressure from below Can Bring Egypt Democracy." The Guargian. Accessed March 12, 2015.
Nicutar, Andreea. "Don't Leave the Streets! Egypt's Revolutions Still to Come." Civitas Politics. November 7, 2011. Accessed March 12, 2015.
Wilson, Tyler. "Tahrir Square: Why It Failed and What It Needed." Arabic 311 Revolution in Egypt. Accessed March 12, 2015.
"UN Rights Chief Alarmed over Violence in Egypt." The Times of Israel. Accessed March 12, 2015.
"2 Killed in Violence near Tahrir Square." The Hindu. Accessed March 12, 2015.
"A Crowded Weekend." A Crowded Weekend. Accessed March 12, 2015.
Trager, Eric. "Is Egypt About to Explode—Again?" The Atlantic. January 2, 2014. Accessed March 12, 2015.
Videos:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=luhLQPNMAFY
Egypt
For the group of Joe Collins and Anna Morrissey
Websites
"Arab Spring." Resourcesforhistoryteachers -. Accessed March 10, 2015.
http://resourcesforhistoryteachers.wikispaces.com/Arab+Spring
"Arab Spring: A Research & Study Guide * الربيع العربي: Home." Home. Accessed March 10, 2015.
http://guides.library.cornell.edu/c.php?g=31688&p=200747
"Arab Spring: A Research & Study Guide * الربيع العربي: Home." Home. Accessed March 10, 2015.
http://guides.library.cornell.edu/c.php?g=31688&p=200755
"Arab Spring: A Research & Study Guide * الربيع العربي: Home." Home. Accessed March 10, 2015.
http://guides.library.cornell.edu/c.php?g=31688&p=200748
Blight, Garry, Paul Torpey, and Sheila Pulham. "Arab Spring: An Interactive Timeline of Middle East Protests." The Guardian. January 5, 2012. Accessed March 12, 2015.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2011/mar/22/middle-east-protest-interactive-timeline
Kaphle, Anup. "Timeline: Egypt's Rocky Revolution." Washington Post. August 19, 2013. Accessed March 10, 2015.
http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/world/timeline-egypts-rocky-revolution/405/
Team, NPR. "The Arab Spring: A Year Of Revolution." NPR. December 17, 2011. Accessed March 11, 2015.
http://www.npr.org/2011/12/17/143897126/the-arab-spring-a-year-of-revolution
Images
"Wednesday, February 9, 2011." The Majority Report with Sam Seder. Accessed March 12, 2015.
"Behind #Jan25: Young Egyptian 'Digital Activist' Speaks." Act. Accessed March 12, 2015.
"JUMP CUTA REVIEW OF CONTEMPORARY MEDIA." New Media and Politics: Populist Revolt, State Control, and Elections, Review by Lyell Davies. Accessed March 12, 2015.
Milne, Suemas. "Only Pressure from below Can Bring Egypt Democracy." The Guargian. Accessed March 12, 2015.
Nicutar, Andreea. "Don't Leave the Streets! Egypt's Revolutions Still to Come." Civitas Politics. November 7, 2011. Accessed March 12, 2015.
Wilson, Tyler. "Tahrir Square: Why It Failed and What It Needed." Arabic 311 Revolution in Egypt. Accessed March 12, 2015.
"UN Rights Chief Alarmed over Violence in Egypt." The Times of Israel. Accessed March 12, 2015.
"2 Killed in Violence near Tahrir Square." The Hindu. Accessed March 12, 2015.
"A Crowded Weekend." A Crowded Weekend. Accessed March 12, 2015.
Trager, Eric. "Is Egypt About to Explode—Again?" The Atlantic. January 2, 2014. Accessed March 12, 2015.
Videos:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=luhLQPNMAFY